The brain ages through four primary mechanisms: neuroinflammation (chronic low-grade inflammation damaging neurons and disrupting synaptic function), reduced cerebral blood flow (vascular changes reducing oxygen and nutrient delivery), accumulation of toxic proteins (amyloid and tau aggregates that the glymphatic system clears during sleep), and declining neuroplasticity (reduced BDNF impairs the formation of new synaptic connections).
Sign #1: Word retrieval has gotten noticeably slower.
The "tip of the tongue" experience — knowing a word but being unable to access it — becomes increasingly common as the speed of neural transmission through white matter tracts declines.
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