We tend to think of fairness as a human concept — something that requires language, social contracts, and conscious reasoning. Then researchers designed a simple experiment with dogs, two people, and two different treats. What they found has made scientists rethink where morality begins.
The experiment, conducted by researchers at the University of Vienna, involved pairs of dogs performing a simple task — offering their paw on request — in each other's presence. In the control condition, both dogs received a treat for compliance.
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